Simple Stereo VU Meter

I like to see lights move to music. This project will indicate the volume level of the audio going to your speakers by lighting up LEDS. The LEDS can be any color so mix them up and really make it look good. The input of the circuit is connected to the speaker output of your audio amplifier. You want to build two identical units to indicate both right and left channels. The input signal level is adjusted by the 10k ohm VR. If you wish to make a very large scale model of this unit and hang it on your wall there is an optional output transistor that can drive many LEDS at once. The unit I built drove three LEDS for each output. The sequence of the LEDS lighting are as follows Pin 1, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10.

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Balanced Microphone Amplifier

We published a design for a stereo microphone preamplifier with balanced inputs and a phantom power supply. The heart of this circuit was a special Analog Devices IC, the SSM2017. Unfortunately, this IC has been discontinued. In its place, the company recommends using the pin-compatible AMP02 from its current product line. However, and again unfortunately, the specifications of this opamp make it considerably less suitable for use as a microphone amplifier. By contrast, Texas Instruments (in their Burr Brown product line) offer an integrated instrumentation amplifier (type 1NA217) that has better specifications for this purpose.


Incidentally, this IC is also recommended as a replacement for the SSM2017. It features internal current feedback, which ensures low distortion (THD + noise is 0.004 % at a gain of 100), low input-stage noise (1.3 nV/√Hz) and wide bandwidth (800 kHz at a gain of 100). The supply voltage range is ±4.5 V to ±18 V. The maximum current consumption of the 1NA217 is ±12 mA. The gain is determined by only one resistance, which is the resistance between pins 1 and 8 of the IC. The circuit shown here is a standard application circuit for this instrumentation amplifier. R1 and R2 provide a separate phantom supply for the microphone connected to the amplifier (this is primarily used with professional equipment).

Balanced Microphone Amplifier Circuit Diagram

This supply can be enabled or disabled using S1. C1 and C2 prevent the phantom voltage from appearing at the inputs of the amplifier. If a phantom supply is not used, R1 and R2 can be omitted, and it is then better to use MKT types for C1 and C2. Diodes D1–D4 are included to protect the inputs of the 1NA217 against high input voltages (such as may occur when the phantom supply is switched on). R4 and R5 hold the bias voltage of the input stage at ground potential. The gain is made variable by including potentiometer P1 in series with R6. A special reverse log-taper audio potentiometer is recommended for P1 to allow the volume adjustment to follow a linear dB scale.

The input bias currents (12 µA maximum!) produce an offset voltage across the input resistors (R4 and R5). Depending on the gain, this can lead to a rather large offset voltage at the output (several volts). If you want to avoid using a decoupling capacitor at the output, an active offset compensation circuit provides a solution. In this circuit, a FET-input opamp with a low input offset (an OPA137) is used for this purpose. It acts as an integrator that provides reverse feedback to pin 5, so the DC output level is always held to 0 V. This opamp is not in the audio signal path, so it does not affect signal quality. Naturally, other types of low-offset opamps could also be used for this purpose. The current consumption of the circuit is primarily determined by the quiescent current of IC1, since the OPA137 consumes only 0.22 mA.

Author: T. Giesberts
Copyright: Elektor Electronics

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Cheap Bicycle Alarm Schematics Circuit

The author wanted a very cheap and simple alarm for some of his possessions, such as his electrically assisted bicycle. This alarm is based on a cheap window alarm, which has a time-switch added to it with a 1-minute time-out. The output  pulse of the 555 replaces the reed switch in the window alarm. The 555 is triggered by a sensor mounted near the front  wheel, in combination with a magnet that is mounted on the spokes. This sensor and the magnet were taken from a cheap bicycle computer. 

Circuit diagram :

Cheap Bicycle Alarm Circuit Diagram

The front wheel of the bicycle is kept unlocked, so that the reed  switch closes momentarily when the wheel turns. This  triggers the 555, which in turn activates the window alarm. The circuit around the 555 takes very little current and can  be powered by the batteries in the window alarm.  There  is just enough room  left inside the enclosure of the window  alarm to mount the time-switch inside it. 

The result is a very cheap, compact device, with only a single cable going to the reed switch on the front wheel. And the noise this thing produces is just unbelievable! After about one minute the noise stops and the alarm goes back into standby mode. The bicycle alarm should be mounted in an inconspicuous place, such as underneath the saddle, inside a (large) front light, in the battery compartment, etc.

Hopefully the alarm scares any potential thief away, or at least it makes other members of the public aware that something isnt quite right. 

Caution. The installation and use of this circuit may be subject to legal restrictions in your country, state or area.

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Class AB Power Amplifier Circuit 30w Using Power Transistor

30W Class AB power amplifier circuit diagram using power transistor. Set the above amplifier up by adjust the variable resistor R1 to maximum and R12 to zero. After this set up is done, the activate / turn on the amplifier. Adjust the R1 so that the measured output offset is between 30 and 100mV. Once set, adjust the R12 slowly to achieve a quiescent current of around 120mA. Keep checking the quiescent current as the amplifier heats up as it might change due to voltage drop changes in the output devices because of the heat. The heatsinks should be 0.6K/W or less for two amplifiers.

Power supply circuit for 30W class AB power amplifier:

30W Class AB Power Amplifier Circuit, Link

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Simple Gate Alarm

Description:
A cheap and easy gate alarm comprised of a single CMOS Integrated Circuit.

Figure 1 characterizes a low cost and simple Gate Alarm, that is supposed to run off a small universal AC-DC energy supply.

IC1a is a fast oscillator, and IC1b a gradual oscillator, which can be blended through IC1c to emit a high pip-pip-pip warning sound when a gate (or window, and so on.) is opened. The circuit is meant no longer so much to sound like a siren or warning tool, but quite to present the impression: \"You were now noticed.\" R1 and D1 may be ignored, and the value of R2 perhaps decreased, to make the Gate Alarm sound more like a warning software. VR1 adjusts the frequency of the sound emitted.

IC1d is a timer which lead tos the Gate Alarm to emit some 20 to 30 further pips after the gate has been closed again, sooner than it falls silent, as if to say: \"Im more clever than a easy on-off tool.\" Piezo disk S1 may be changed with a LED if preferred, the LED being wired in collection with a 1K resistor.

Figure 2 shows how an bizarre reed swap may be transformed to close (a \"normally closed\" swap) when the gate is opened. A continuity tester makes the work straightforward. Note that many reed changees are refined, and subsequently wires that are soldered to the reed change should not be flexed at all near the swap. Other forms of swapes, one of theses microswitches, can be used.

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AVR Dongle Circuit

This circuit is intended to program AVR controllers one of theses the AT90S1200 by manner of the parallel port. The circuit is extremely simple. IC1 gives buffering for the indicators that shuttle from the parallel port to the microcontroller and vice versa. This is essentially the entire thing that could be mentioned concerning the circuit. The two boxheaders (K2 and K3) have the ‘standard’ ISP (in gadget applicationming) pinout for the AVR controllers. The manufacturer suggests these two pinouts in an try to create a kind of standard for the in-circuit applicationming of AVR-controllers. These connections may also be found on many development boards for these controllers. The instrument carries out the true programming task.

Circuit diagram :

AVR Dongle Circuit Diagram

It is subsequently essential to have a application (ATMEL AVR ISP), which is on hand as a free obtain from http://www.atmel.com. The development of the circuit must made on standard prototype board, on the grounds that we didn’t design a PCB for this circuit. This shouldn't present any difficulties taking into account the small selection of sections involved. We suggest that inexperienced builders first make a copy of the circuit and pass off every connection on the schematic as soon as it has been made on the board. This makes it simple to check in a whiles whether all connections had been made or no longer.

http://www.ecircuitslab.com

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Fuse Saver

This circuit will be particularly useful to those hobbyists who use a ‘breadboard’ to try out ideas and who also use a simple ‘home-made’ DC power supply consisting of a transformer, rectifier, smoothing capacitor and protective fuse, that is, one without over current protection! In this circuit, the detecting element is resistor R6. Under normal conditions, its voltage drop is not high enough to switch on transistor T1. The value of R6 can be altered to give a different cut-off current, as determined by Ohm’s Law, if required. When a short circuit occurs in the load, the voltage rises rapidly and T1 starts to conduct. 

This draws in the relay, switching its contacts, which cuts off power to the external circuit, and instead powers the relay coil directly, latching it in this second state. The circuit remains in this state until the primary power supply is switched off. Capacitors C1 and C2 hold enough charge (via D3, D4 and D6, which prevent the charge from being lost to the rest of the circuit, whichever state it is in) to keep T1 switched on and power the relay while it switches over, and R2 and R4 provide slow discharge paths. LEDs D1 (red) and D5 (green) indicate what state the circuit is in. Inductor L1 slows the inrush of current when the circuit is switched on, which would otherwise cut off the circuit immediately.

Circuit diagram:

Fuse Saver Circuit Diagram

D2 and D7 provide the usual back-emf protection across the coils. In use, the input of the circuit is connected to the main transformer-rectifier-capacitor-fuse power supply via K1, and the output is connected to the (experimental) load via K2. Note that the input voltage must be a floating supply if Vout– is grounded via the load, as Vin– and Vout– must not be connected together. Some consideration needs to be given to a number of components. First, the choice of relay Re1. For the prototype, this was obtained from Maplin, part number YX97F. This is has a coil resistance of 320 ?, which with R1 forms the collector load for T1. 

Its allowed pull-in voltage range is nominally 9 V to 19 V, which limits the input power supply voltage to between around 10 V to 30 V (DC only). R1 could be replaced by a wire link for operation at input voltages below 10 V, or increased in value, as determined by either the application of Ohm’s Law once more or trial and error, for an input voltage above 30 V. Coil L1 was obtained from Farnell, part number 581-240. Finally, the protective fuse for the input power supply should be a ‘slow-blow’ type; ‘fast’ fuses will rupture before the relay has time to switch. Also note that this device is meant to save fuses, not replace them. A mains transformer must always be fused if it is not designed to run safely, i.e., without presenting a fire hazard, even if its output has a continuous short-circuit fault.

 

 

Streampowers

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Constructing your own Dual Power Supply Rise

Many occasions the hobbyist desires to have a simple, twin power provide for a undertaking. Existing power provides could also be massive both in energy output or bodily measurement. a easy Dual Power Supply is essential.For most non-critical softwares the very very best & simplest choice for a voltage regulator is the 3-terminal sort.The three terminals are enter, ground & output.

The 78xx & 79xx sequence can present as much as 1A load current & it have on chip circuitry to prevent damage in the experience of over warmthing or excessive current. That is, the chip principally shuts down than blowing out. These regulators are cheap, easy to make use of, & they make it sensible to design a technique with lots of P C Bs during which an unregulated provide is brought in & regulation is finished in the neighborhood on each and every circuit board.

This Dual Power Supply challenge gives a twin power supply. With the appropriate choice of transformer & 3-terminal voltage regulator pairs that you can be ready to basically construct a tiny energy provide delivering as so much as amp at +/- 5V, +/- 9V, +/- 12V, +/-15V or +/-18V. You require to supply the center tapped transformer and the 3-terminal pair of regulators you require:7805 & 7905, 7809 & 7909, 7812 & 7912, 7815 & 7915or 7818 & 7918.

The person should pick the pair they wants for hellos phaseicular application.

Note that the + & - regulators don't have to be matched: which you might for instance, use a +5v & -9V pair. However,the optimistic regulator should be a 78xx regulator, & the terrible a 79xx. They have in-built plenty of safety in to this venture so it ought to present loads of years of constant carrier.

Transformer
This Dual Power Supply design makes use of a full wave bridge rectifier coupled with a centre-tapped transformer. A transformer with a power output rated at as a minimum 7VA ought to be used. The 7VA score means that the most present which may also be delivered without overheating might be around 390mA for the 9V+9V tap; 290mA for the 12V+12V and 230mA for the 15V+15V. If the transformer is rated via output RMS-current then the price should be divided by way of one.2 to get the current which can be provided. For instance, in this case a 1A RMS can deliver 1/(one.2) or 830mA.

Rectifier

They use an epoxy-packaged four amp bridge rectifier with at the least a top reverse voltage of 200V. (Note the phase numbers of bridge rectifiers should no longer standardised so the number are completely different from totally different manufacturers.) For security the diode voltage ranking should be at the least to instances that of the transformers secondary voltage. The present rating of the diodes needs to be two occasions the maximum load present in an effort to be drawn.

Filter Capacitor
The goal of the filter capacitor is to easy out the ripple in the rectified AC voltage. Theres dual quantity of ripple relies on the price of the filer capacitor: the massiver the worth the smaller the ripple.The two,200uF is a suitable value for all the voltages generated the use of this undertaking. The other consideration in choosing the proper capacitor is its voltage ranking. The working voltage of the capacitor needs to be better than the height output voltage of the rectifier. For an 18V supply the height output voltage is one.4 x 18V, or 25V. So they have got chosen a 35V rated capacitor.

Regulators

The unregulated input voltage should all the time be greater than the regulators output voltage via at least 3V to be sure that it to work. If the enter/output voltage difference is bigger than 3V then the surplus doable have to be dissipated as heat. Without a heat sink three terminal regulators can dissipate about two watts. A easy calculation of the voltage totally differential occasions the current drawn will provide the watts to be dissipated. Over two watts a heat sink need to be presentd. If now not then the regulator will automatically flip off if the inner temperature reaches 150oC. For security it is always perfect to utilize a small heat sink even in case you don't suppose you are going to want.

Stability

C4 & C5 improve the regulators potential to react to unexpected adjustments in load current & to forestall uncontrolled oscillations.

Decoupling

The mono block capacitor C2 & C6 throughout the output offers high frequency decoupling which preserve the impedance low at high frequencies.

LED

Two LEDs are provided to point out when the output regulated power is on-line. You don't should make use of the LEDs in the adventure you don't require to. However, the LED on the negative side of the circuit does present a most load to the 79xx regulator which they found essential within the coursework of testing. The bad 3-pin regulators didn't like a nil load situation. They have presentd a 470R/0.5W resistors as the present limiting resistors for the LEDs.

Diode Protection

These give safety to notably against any again emf which can come again in to the facility provide when it provides energy to inductive tons. They additionally present additional short circuit offer protection toion in the case that the positive output is connected accidentally to the negative output. If this happened the standard current limiting shutdown in each and every regulator won't work as meant. The diodes will brief circuit on this case & offer protection to the two regulators.

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12 VOLT AUDIO AMPLIFIER IC TDA7222AP CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

12 VOLT AUDIO AMPLIFIER IC TDA7222AP CIRCUIT DIAGRAM



Note



Use 12V DC for powering the circuit.

The IC must be heatsinked.

Speaker can be a 4 ohms one.

For optimum performance input and output must be separately grounded.



Pin Name Description

1 Vcc Supply Voltage

2 RR Ripple Reject

3 MC Muting control

4 OP AF Signal Input

5 FB FB Filter

6 GA Gain adjust

7 GND Ground

8 GND Ground

9 OP AF Output

10 BS BootStrap

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Telephone Call Recorder

Today cellphone has turn out to be a vital part of our are livings. It is the most broadly used communication device in the world. Owing to its large popularity & popular use, there come ups a necessity for name recording units, which find software in call cent-res, inventory broking companies, police, administrative centers, homes, and so forth. Here they are describing a name recorder that makes use of only some sections. But in an effort to keep in mind its working, should first have the elemental information of usual cellphone wiring in addition to a stereo plug.

In India, land-line rings primarily use RJ11 wiring, which has wires-tip and ring. While tip is the positive wire, ring is the poor. And collectively they full the phone circuit. In a cellphone line, voltage between tip and ring is round 48V DC when handset is on the cradle(idle line). In order to ring the phone for an incoming name, a 20Hz AC current of round 90V is superimposed over the DC voltage already current within the idle line. The bad wire from the cellphone line goes to IN1, whereas the certain wire goes to IN2. Further, the negative wire from OUT1 and the certain wire from OUT2 are linked to the phone. All the resistors used are zero.25W carbon film resistors and the entire capacitors used are rated for 250V or more.

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Simple Mixer with 4 Input

Here the simple mixer with 4 input and 2 op-amps:

Simple Mixer with 4 Input Circuit diagram :

A basic mixer suitable for mixing microphones or even effects outputs. The overall gain from input to output is one if the pot related towards the input is full up. You can make this a net gain of ten (or any other reasonable gain) by reducing the input resistor towards the second op amp. 10K in this position gives a gain of ten, or 20db. In case you are mixing effects outputs that have an output level control constructed into them, you are able to dispense using the input level controls, or make some have level controls, some not. Audio taper pots are possibly much better, but linear will do the job.

For the op amps, choose a JFET input dual or singles, such as from the National Semi LF3xx series, or something such as the TL072 or TL082.

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Build a 500W Low Cost 12V to 220V Inverter

Attention: This Circuit is using high voltage that is lethal. Please take appropriate precautions

Using this circuit you can convert the 12V dc in to the 220V Ac. In this circuit 4047 is use to generate the square wave of 50hz and amplify the current and then amplify the voltage by using the step transformer.

How to calculate transformer rating
The basic formula is P=VI and between input output of the transformer we have Power input = Power output

For example if we want a 220W output at 220V then we need 1A at the output. Then at the input we must have at least 18.3V at 12V because: 12V*18.3 = 220v*1
So you have to wind the step up transformer 12v to 220v but input winding must be capable to bear 20A.

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USB Converter

Does this sound familiar: you buy a small piece of equipment, such as a programming & debugging interface for a microcontroller, and you have to use a clunky AC wall adapter to supply it with power? It’s even worse when you’re travelling and there’s no mains socket anywhere in sight. Of course, you can use the USB bus directly as a power source if the supply voltage is 5 V. If you need a higher voltage, you can use the USB converter described here. This small switch-mode step-up converter can generate an output voltage of up to 15 V with a maximum output current of 150 mA.

The LM3578 is a general-purpose switchmode voltage converter. Figure 1 shows its internal block diagram. Here we use it as a step-up converter. The circuit diagram in Figure 2 shows the necessary components. Voltage conversion is achieved by switching on the internal transistor until it is switched off by the comparator or the current-limiting circuit. The collector current flows through coil L1, which stores energy in the form of a magnetic field. When the internal transistor is switched off, the current continues flowing through L1 to the load via diode D1. However, the voltage across the coil reverses when this happens, so it is added to the input voltage. The resulting output voltage thus consists of the sum of the input voltage and the induced voltage across the coil.

The output voltage depends on the load current and the duty cycle of the internal transistor. Voltage divider R5/R6 feeds back a portion of the output voltage to the comparator in the IC in order to regulate the output voltage. C5 determines the clock frequency, which is approximately 55 kHz. Network R4, C2 and C3 provides loop compensation. The current-sense resistor for the current-limiting circuit is formed by three 1-Ω resistors in parallel (R1, R2 and R3), since SMD resistors with values less than 1 Ω are hard to find. The output voltage ripple is determined by the values and internal resistances of capacitors C11, C8, C7 and C6.

 

The total effective resistance is reduced by using several capacitors, and this also keeps the construction height of the board low. L2, C1, C9 and C10 act as an input filter. Ensure that the DC resistance of coil L2 is no more than 0.5 Ω. Use a Type B PCB-mount USB connector for connection to the USB bus.  A terminal strip with a pitch of 5.08 mm can be used for the output voltage connector. Of course, you can also solder a cable directly to the board. Two additional holes are provided in the circuit board for this purpose. As we haven’t been able to invent a device that produces more energy than it consumes, you should bear in mind that the input current of the circuit is higher than the output current. As a general rule, you can assume that the input current is equal to the product of the output current and the output voltage divided by the input R5 and R6 for other output voltages:

6V:	R5 = 47k, R6 = 9,1k
12V:	R5 = 110k, R6 = 10k
15V:	R5 = 130k, R6 = 9,1k

voltage and divided again by 0.8. Specifically, with an output current of 100 mA at 9 V, the input current on the USB bus is approximately 225 mA. Finally, Figure 3 shows a small PCB layout for the circuit. All of the components except the connector and the terminal strip are SMDs.

Parts List:

(for UO = 9 V)
Resistors
R1,R2,R3 = 1Ω
R4 = 220kΩ
R5 = 82kΩ
R6 = 10kΩ
Capacitors
(SMD 1206)
C1 = 100nF
C2 = 2nF2
C3 = 22pF
C4 = 100nF
C5 = 1nF5
(tantalum SMD 7343)
C6 = 68μF 20V
C7 = 68μF 20V
C8 = 68μF 20V
C9 = 47μF 16V
C10 = 47μF 16V
C11 = 68μF 20V
Inductors
L1 = 820μH (SMD CD105)
L2 = 47μH (SMD 2220)
Semiconductors
D1 = SK34SMD (Schottky)
IC1 = LM3578AM (SMD SO8)
Miscellaneous
K1 = 2-way PCB terminal block, lead pitch 5mm
(optional)
K2 = USB-B connector

http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2011/07/usb-converter.html

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Simple Audio Peak Detector

This audio peak detector allows a pair of stereo channels to be monitored on a sin-gle LED. Identical circuitry is used in the left and right channels. Use is made of the switch-ing levels of Schmitt trigger NAND gates inside the familiar 4093 IC. The threshold level for gate IC1.A (IC1.B) is set with the aid of preset P1, which supplies a high-impedance bias level via R2 (R1). 

Circuit diagram :

Simple Audio Peak Detector Circuit Diagram

When, owing to the instantaneous level of the audio signal superimposed on the bias voltage by C3 (C2), the dc level at pins 1 and 2 (5 and 6) of the Schmitt trigger gate drops below a certain level, the output of IC1.A (IC1.B) will go High. This level is copied to the input of IC1.C via D2 (D1) and due to the inverting action of IC1.C, LED D3 will light. Network R3-C1 provides some delay to enable very short audio peaks to be reliably indicated. Initially turn the wiper of P1 to the +12 V extreme — LED D3 should remain out. 

Then apply ‘line’ level audio to K1 and K3, preferably music with lots of peaks (for example, drum ‘n bass). Carefully adjust P1 until the peaks in the music are indicated by D3. The circuit has double RCA connectors for the left and right channels to obviate the use of those rare and expensive audio splitter (‘Y’) cables. 

Source by streampowers

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Park Aid Circuit

Three LEDs signal bumper-barrier distance, Infra-red operation, indoor use

This circuit was designed as an aid in parking the car near the garage wall when backing up. LED D7 illuminates when bumper-wall distance is about 20 cm., D7+D6 illuminate at about 10 cm. and D7+D6+D5 at about 6 cm. In this manner you are alerted when approaching too close to the wall. All distances mentioned before can vary, depending on infra-red transmitting and receiving LEDs used and are mostly affected by the color of the reflecting surface. Black surfaces lower greatly the device sensitivity. Obviously, you can use this circuit in other applications like liquids level detection, proximity devices etc.

Circuit operation:

IC1 forms an oscillator driving the infra-red LED by means of 0.8mSec. pulses at 120Hz frequency and about 300mA peak current. D1 & D2 are placed facing the car on the same line, a couple of centimeters apart, on a short breadboard strip fastened to the wall. D2 picks-up the infra-red beam generated by D1 and reflected by the surface placed in front of it. The signal is amplified by IC2A and peak detected by D4 & C4. Diode D3, with R5 & R6, compensates for the forward diode drop of D4. A DC voltage proportional to the distance of the reflecting object and D1 & D2 feeds the inverting inputs of three voltage comparators. These comparators switch on and off the LEDs, referring to voltages at their non-inverting inputs set by the voltage divider resistor chain R7-R10.

Circuit diagram:

Park-Aid Circuit Diagram

Parts:
R1_____________10K 1/4W Resistor
R2,R5,R6,R9_____1K 1/4W Resistors
R3_____________33R 1/4W Resistor
R4,R11__________1M 1/4W Resistors
R7______________4K7 1/4W Resistor
R8______________1K5 1/4W Resistor
R10,R12-R14_____1K 1/4W Resistors
C1,C4___________1µF 63V Electrolytic or Polyester Capacitors
C2_____________47pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor
C3,C5_________100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
D1_____________Infra-red LED
D2_____________Infra-red Photo Diode (see Notes)
D3,D4________1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D5-7___________LEDs (Any color and size)
IC1_____________555 Timer IC
IC2___________LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp
IC3____________7812 12V 1A Positive voltage regulator IC
Circuit modification:
A circuit modification featuring an audible alert instead of the visual one is available here: Park-Aid Modification
Notes:

• Power supply must be regulated (hence the use of IC3) for precise reference voltages. The circuit can be fed by a commercial wall plug-in adapter, having a DC output voltage in the range 12-24V.
• Current drawing: LEDs off 40mA; all LEDs on 60mA @ 12V DC supply.
• The infra-red Photo Diode D2, should be of the type incorporating an optical sunlight filter: these components appear in black plastic cases. Some of them resemble TO92 transistors: in this case, please note that the sensitive surface is the curved, not the flat one.
• Avoid sun or artificial light hitting directly D1 & D2.
• If your car has black bumpers, you can line-up the infra-red diodes with the (mostly white) license or number plate.
• It is wiser to place all the circuitry near the infra-red LEDs in a small box. The 3 signaling LEDs can be placed far from the main box at an height making them well visible by the car driver.
• The best setup is obtained bringing D2 nearer to D1 (without a reflecting object) until D5 illuminates; then moving it a bit until D5 is clearly off. Usually D1-D2 optimum distance lies in the range 1.5-3 cm.
• If you are needing a simpler circuit of this kind driving a LED or a relay, click Infra-red Level Detector

Source : www.redcircuits.com

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Bluetooth Keyboard Controls Dancing Hexapod

Presently, production of robots of different types and functions are rapidly created to help people make their life easier. We can even imagine how the world would look like on the next decade to come. That is – robots do most of the work that people used to do.

Most of the bots in the market are not controlled by Bluetooth except this bot. It’s amazing how this bot dances while controlling the Bluetooth keyboard and a lot of fun to watch for robot fanatics.
In spite the advantages of bots, it can shut down if operation failed therefore failure on its task. Then back to basics must always be a backup.

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The Story of Electricity

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) didnt attend Oxford, Cambridge, or even what we call secondary school, yet he became one of worlds most prominent scientists.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)—Maxwells equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field.

Ch 16-19 Electrostatics and DC circuits [K8 & K9]               

Giancoli; Physics; 5th ed.

BBC Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity [1/3] - Spark (2011): 60 minutes

BBC Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity [2/3] - The Age of Invention (2011): Edison: DC, Tesla: AC : 60 minutes

BBC Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity [3/3] - Revelations and Revolutions (2011): 60 minutes: Maxwell, Hertz, ...

Grape + Microwaves = Plasma. 10 minutes. Excellent.

Cathode Rays Lead to Thomsons Model of the Atom

Formula Sheet: Physics A Formula sheet: Electricity Ch 16-19

Recommended problems in Ch 16 Electric Charge and Electric Field Recommended problems in Ch 19 DC Circuits (see additional recommended problems below): Recommended problems (and suggested solutions to the requested problems):

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Valve Sound Converter

‘Valve sound’ is not just an anachronism: there are those who remain ardent lovers of the quality of sound produced by a valve amplifier. However, not everyone is inclined to splash out on an expensive valve output stage or complete amplifier with a comparatively low power output. Also, for all their aesthetic qualities, modern valve amplifiers burn up (in the full sense of the word!) quite a few watts even at normal listening volume, and so are not exactly environmentally harmless. This valve sound converter offers a cunning way out of this dilemma. It is a low cost unit that can be easily slipped into the audio chain at a suitable point and it only consumes a modest amount of energy.

A valve sound converter can be constructed using a common-or-garden small-signal amplifier using a readily-available triode. Compared to using a pentode, this simplifies the circuit and, thanks to its less linear characteristic, offers even more valve sound. For stereo use a double triode is ideal. Because only a low gain is required, a type ECC82 (12AU7) is a better choice than alternatives such as the ECC81 (12AT7) or ECC83 (12AX7). This also makes things easier for home brewers only used to working with semiconductors, since we can avoid any difficulties with high voltages, obscure transformers and the like:the amplifier stage uses an anode voltage of only 60 V, which is generated using a small 24 V transformer and a voltage doubler (D3, D4, C4 and C5).

Since the double triode only draws about 2mA at this voltage, a 1 VA or 2 VA transformer will do the job. To avoid ripple on the power supply and hence the generation of hum in the converter, the anode voltage is regulated using Zener diodes D1 and D2, and T1. The same goes for the heater supply: rather than using AC, here we use a DC supply, regulated by IC1. The 9 V transformer needs to be rated at at least 3 VA. As you will see, the actual amplifier circuit is shown only once. Components C1 to C3, R1 to R4, and P1 need to be duplicated for the second channel.

The inset valve symbol in the circuit diagram and the base pinout diagram show how the anode, cathode and grid of the other half of the double triode (V1.B) are connected. Construction should not present any great difficulties. Pay particular attention to screening and cable routing, and to the placing of the transformers to minimise the hum induced by their magnetic fields. Adjust P1 to set the overall gain to 1 (0 dB). The output impedance of 47 kΩ is relatively high, but should be compatible with the inputs of most power amplifiers and preamplifiers.

For a good valve sound, the operating point of the circuit should be set so that the audio output voltage is in the region of a few hundred millivolts up to around 1.5 V. If the valve sound converter is inserted between a preamplifier and the power amplifier, it should be before the volume control potentiometer as otherwise the sound will change significantly depending on the volume. As an example, no modifications are needed to an existing power amplifier if the converter is inserted between the output of a CD player and the input to the amplifier.

http://www.ecircuitslab.com/2012/04/valve-sound-converter.html

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Remote controlled appliance switch circuit

Here is a versatile remote controlled appliance switch that can ON or OFF any appliance connected to it using a TV remote.






IR remote sensor IC TSOP 1738 is used for receiving the signal. Normally when no signal is falling on IC3 the output of it will be high.This makes Q1 OFF.When a signal of 38 KHz from the TV remote falls on the IC3 its output goes low.This makes Q1 conduct and a negative pulse is obtained at pin 2 of IC 1 NE 555.Due to this IC1 wired as a monostable multivibrator produces a 4 Sec long high signal at its out put.This high out put is the clock for IC 2 which is wired as a Flipflop and of , its two outputs pin 3
goes low and pin 2 goes high.The high output at pin 2 is amplified to drive the relay .For the next signal the outputs of IC2 toggles state. Result, we get a relay toggling on each press on the remote.Any appliance connected to this circuit can be switched ON or OFF.




Notes .

* Before wiring the circuit make sure that the carrier frequency of the
TV remote you have is 38 kHz.For that wire the sensor part only ,point your
remote to the TSOP1738 and press any switch.If out put of TSOP1738 goes
low then OK, your remote is of 38Khz type.Nothing to worry almost all TV
remote are of this type.

* You can use any switch of the remote because for any switch the code only changes,
the carrier frequency remains same.We need this carrier frequency only.

* Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.

* The appliance can be connected through NO or NC and C contacts of the relay .

* Use a regulated 6V power supply for the circuit.

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LM4017 TC4011 10 LED roulette circuit with explantion

When
entering the power supply circuit, and switch S1 (Start), which is
attached press release switch off.Then current is flowing through R1,
R2, and C2.
Makes the capacitor C2 caused up When the switch S1
allows the C2 to discharge through R3. The pressure this causes the
clock input to the pin 8 of IC1a. The IC1a which will work with
production IC1b frequency to send it to the leg 14 (Clock) Of IC2.The
IC2 is a driver by ICs LED 10 is illuminated by the moon to the incoming
frequency. The IC1d the IC1c and work together. It will serve up audio
frequency generator, and then sent to the Piano Society (PZ1) loud
beep came out with LED light period.
source:eleccircuit.com

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Step Up Booster Powers Eight White LEDs

Tiny white LEDs are capable of delivering ample white light without the fragility problems and costs associated with fluorescent backlights. They do pose a problem however in that their forward voltage can be as high as 4 V, precluding them being from powered directly from a single Li-Ion cell. Applications requiring more white LEDs or higher efficiency can use an LT1615 boost converter to drive a series connected array of LEDs. The high efficiency circuit (about 80%) shown here can provide a constant-current drive for up to eight LEDs. Driving eight white LEDs in series requires at least 29 V at the output and this is possible thanks to the internal 36-V, 350-mA switch in the LT1615.

The constant-current design of the circuit guarantees a steady current through all LEDs, regardless of the forward voltage differences between them. Although this circuit was designed to operate from a single Li-Ion battery (2.5V to 4.5V), the LT1615 is also capable of operating from inputs as low as 1 V with relevant output power reductions. The Motorola MBR0520 surface mount Schottky diode (0.5 A 20 V) is a good choice for D1 if the output voltage does not exceed 20 V. In this application however, it is better to use a diode that can withstand higher voltages like the MBR0540 (0.5 A, 40 V). Schottky diodes, with their low forward voltage drop and fast switching speed, are the best match.

Many different manufacturers make equivalent parts, but make sure that the component is rated to handle at least 0.35 A. Inductor L1, a 4.7-µH choke, is available from Murata, Sumida, Coilcraft, etc. In order to maintain the constant off-time (0.4 ms) control scheme of the LT1615, the on-chip power switch is turned off only after the 350-mA (or 100-mA for the LT1615-1) current limit is reached. There is a 100-ns delay between the time when the current limit is reached and when the switch actually turns off. During this delay, the inductor current exceeds the current limit by a small amount. This current overshoot can be beneficial as it helps increase the amount of available output current for smaller inductor values.

This will be the peak current passed by the inductor (and the diode) during normal operation. Although it is internally current-limited to 350 mA, the power switch of the LT1615 can handle larger currents without problems, but the overall efficiency will suffer. Best results will be o btained when IPEAK is kept well below 700 mA for the LT1615.The LT1615 uses a constant off-time control scheme to provide high efficiencies over a wide range of output current. The LT1615 also contains circuitry to provide protection during start-up and under short-circuit conditions.

When the FB pin voltage is at less than approximately 600 mV, the switch off-time is increased to 1.5 ms and the current limit is reduced to around 250 mA (i.e., 70% of its normal value). This reduces the average inductor current and helps minimize the power dissipation in the LT1615 power switch and in the external inductor L1 and diode D1. The output current is determined by Vref/R1, in this case, 1.23V/68 = 18 mA). Further information on the LT1615 may be found in the device datasheets which may be downloaded from www.linear-tech.com/pdf/16151fa.pdf

Streampowers

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IR Remote Control Home Appliance Circuit Diagram

This
is the most popular IR Remote control circuit for home appliances like
lamp, fan, radio, tv etc to make the appliance turn on/off from a TV,
VCD or DVD remote control. It is very simple to build because of few
components and simple design.
The
circuit can activated from up to 10 metres. The 38kHz infrared (IR)
rays generated by the remote control are received by IR receiver module
TSOP1738 of the circuit. Pin 1 of TSOP1738 is connected to ground, pin 2
is connected to the power supply through resistor R5 and the output is
taken from pin 3. The output signal is amplified by transistor T1
(BC558).

The amplified signal is fed to clock pin 14 of decade
counter IC CD4017 (IC1). Pin 8 of IC1 is grounded, pin 16 is connected
to Vcc and pin 3 is connected to LED1 (red), which glows to indicate
that the appliance is ‘off.’ The output of IC1 is taken from its pin 2.
LED2 (green) connected to pin 2 is used to indicate the ‘on’ state of
the appliance. Transistor T2 (BC548) connected to pin 2 of IC1 drives
relay RL1. Diode IN 4148 acts as a freewheeling diode. The appliance to
be controlled is connected between the pole of the relay and neutral
terminal of mains. It gets connected to live terminal of AC mains via
normally opened (N/O) contact when the relay energises. you can use any
NPN transistor inplace of BC548. You can also use SL100 or any NPN
transistor lying around you.

The
delay depends on the C1 capacitor. Using higher value capacitor will
create more delay and using less value capacitor will switch the circuit
more than 2 times when you press a remote. Analyse the circuit by
placing the 10uf capacitor in place of C1 (100uf).

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IR Remote Control Tester

Here’s a simple, low cost, and easy to construct infrared remote control tester. The tester is built around an easily available infrared receiver module (TSOP 1238).

 IR Remote Control Tester Circuit diagram:

Normally, data output pin 3 of the IR receiver module is at a high level (5 volts)and as such driver transistor T1 is in cut-off state. Whenever the IR receiver module receives a valid (modulated) infrared signal, its data output pin goes low in synchronism with the received infrared bursts. As a result, transistor T1 conducts during negative pulse period and the.LED blinks to indicate reception of signals from the remote such as TV remote control. A miniature active buzzer is connected at the collector of transistor T1 for audio indication.

The 5V DC for energizing the circuit is directly derived from the 230V AC mains supply. Unlike the conventional resistive voltage divider, a capacitive potential divider is used here, which does not radiate any heat and makes the tester quite compact. Another advantage of this tester is no false triggering due to the ambient light or electronic ballast-operated tubelights. A suggested enclosure for the circuit is shown in Fig. 2.

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Automatic Night Light Feeds Directly From the AC Line

There are many approaches to the problem of activating a light when it becomes dark, and a recent Design Idea covers this topic (Reference 1). Some approaches require a dc power supply and an electromechanical relay, but a better approach involves feeding the device directly from the ac line, minimizing the number of components 

(Figure 1).

Figure 1. The photoresistor activates the TRIAC and the load when darkness falls.

The heart of the device is a light-sensitive cadmium-sulphide resistor, PR, with a resistance of approximately 200 kΩ in the dark and decreasing to a few kilohms in the light. PR and capacitor C1 form an ac-voltage divider. In daylight, the voltage across PR is too low to generate the required gate-trigger current to turn on bidirectional ac switch Q1, thus keeping the load – usually a lamp – off. When it becomes dark, PR’s resistance rises, resulting in an increase in the TRIAC’s gate current that triggers the TRIAC and lights the lamp.

The circuit uses inexpensive, off-the-shelf components, including the VT90N1 photoresistor; a 0.1-μF, 275V capacitor; and an L2004F61 TRIAC with a load current of 4A rms, a peak blocking voltage of 200V, and a gate-trigger current of 5 mA. The exact specifications of these components are not critical; you could use others instead.

Editor’s note:
Attributes worth mentioning include the fact that the capacitor introduces a phase shift, which places the peak of the gate voltage close to the zero crossing of the load’s sine wave for optimum turn-on timing. Another benefit is thermal hysteresis, which occurs due to the reduction of the required triggering voltage and current as the TRIAC warms up after the initial turn-on. Link

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1999 Lincoln Continental Wiring Diagram

1999 Lincoln Continental Wiring Diagram

The Part of 1999 Lincoln Continental Wiring Diagram: fuse junction panel, autolamps, multifunction
switch, hazard, lighting crtl module, shift lock actuator, hazard flasher, switch input, stoplamp, passenger, delaved exit, turn left/right

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Car Battery Saver Circuit

Prevents the complete discharge of the battery when the door is left open accidentally

I recently forgot to close the door of my car after parking in the garage and I found the battery completely exhausted after the week-end, when I tried to start the engine on Monday morning. This inconvenience prompted me to design a simple circuit, capable of switching-off automatically after a few minutes the inside courtesy lamp, the real culprit for the damage.

Circuit operation:

When the door is opened, SW1 closes, the circuit is powered and the lamp is on. C1 starts charging slowly through R1 and when a voltage of 2/3 the supply is reached at pins #2 and #6 of IC1, the internal comparator changes the state of the flip-flop, the voltage at pin #3 falls to zero and the lamp will switch-off. The lamp will remain in the off state as the door is closed and will illuminate only when the door will be opened again. The final result is a three-terminal device in which two terminals are used to connect the circuit in series to the lamp and the existing door-switch. The third terminal is connected to the 12V positive supply.

Circuit diagram :

Car Battery Saver Circuit Diagram

Notes:

• With the values specified for R1 and C1, the lamp will stay on for about 9 minutes and 30 seconds.
• The time delay can be changed by varying R1 and/or C1 values.
• The circuit can be bypassed by the usually existing switch that allows the interior lamp to illuminate continuously, even when the door is closed: this connection is shown in dotted lines.
• Current drawing when the circuit is off: 150µA.

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5 Band Graphic Equaliser circuit with LA3600 and PCB

General Description

Graphic equalisers are a must in any good hi-fi systems! They enable you to shape the response of the system to the particular room, or in recordings to improve deficiencies of the equipment or the original recording. A good equalizer, used with skill can dramatically improve the quality of your listening pleasure.

This equalizer has five bands which cover all the audible frequencies, centred at 100, 320, 1,000, 3,500 and 10,000 Hz. The spacing between peak frequencies is two octaves which is quite adequate for most domestic applications. Frequency adjustment is 12dB/octave.

 

The circuit is for one channel and if you want to use it for STEREO you should build two, one for each channel of your system.

Technical Specifications – Characteristics

Working voltage: 6-15V DC

Frequency response: 20Hz-20KHz

Current: 60 ma

How it Works

This equaliser has five bands which cover all the audio frequencies, around 100, 320, 1,000, 3,500 and 10,000 Hz.

The circuit is for one channel and if you want to use it for STEREO you need two. The circuit consists of one LA3600 IC.

The circuit has been designed so that when the potentiometers are in the middle of their travel the signal is not affected at all. Turning a potentiometer in either direction will affect the corresponding frequency range accordingly. The maximum output voltage without distortion is 1 Vpp. The equaliser operates from a 12 VDC power supply which makes it suitable for use in home or car.

Construction

This work is not very difficult and if you stick to a few rules you should have no problems. The soldering iron that you use must be light and its power should not exceed the 25 Watts. The tip should be fine and must be kept clean at all times. For this purpose come very handy specially made sponges that are kept wet and from time to time you can wipe the hot tip on them to remove all the residues that tend to accumulate on it. The construction of the equaliser is very easy if you follow the diagrams and our advice carefully. The only really sensitive component are the IC. Start building the circuit by soldering the pins and the IC sockets in their places on the p.c. board. Solder then the resistors, the capacitors, making sure that the electrolytic are inserted the right way round before soldering them, and finally the potentiometers.

 

 Depending on the size and the shape of the case you are going to use for the project you can either solder the potentiometers on the p.c. board directly or use short pieces of shielded audio cable to connect them with the rest of the circuit. When you have finished soldering the components on the board check everything for possible mistakes, clean the board with a solvent to remove all traces of soldering flux and insert the IC’s in their sockets. Make sure that you align them properly and that you do not bend their pins during insertion. Make then the following connections using shielded cable for the input and output and preferably twisted twin cable for the power supply.

- The supply (6-15 VDC recommend 12volt DC) must be connected at points 1 (+) and 2 (-) of the board.

- The input is at points 5 (signal) and 4 (earth).

- The output is at points 3 (signal) and 4 (earth).

If you turn the power on, and the potentiometers of the equaliser are in their middle position there shouldn’t be any notice able difference to the music if the equaliser is inserted or not in the signal path. However turning the potentiometers should produce a noticeable effect to the reproduction.

Parts

C1 = 2.2mF 22v

C2 = 47nF

C3 = 680nF

C4 = 15nF

C5 = 220nF

C6 = 4.7nF

C7 = 68nF

C8 = 1.2nF

C9 = 22nF

C10 = 470pF

C11 = 6.8nF

C12 = 1nF

C13 = 2.2mF

C14 = 100mF 22v

C15 = 100mF 22v

R1 = 4.7k

R2 = 10k

R3, 4, 5, 6, 7 = 100k Potentiometers

IC = LA3600 link

 

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Telephone Conversation recorder

This circuit enables  automatic switching-on  of  the  tape  recorder  when  the  handset  is  lifted.  The tape recorder gets switched off when the handset is replaced. The signals are suit-ably  attenuated  to  a  level  at  which  they can be recorded using the MICIN socket of the tape recorder. Points X and Y in the circuit are connected to the telephone lines. Resistors R1 and R2 act as a voltage divider.

The voltage appearing across R2 is fed to the MIC-IN socket of the tape recorder. The values of R1 and R2 may be changed depending on the input impedance of the tape recorders MIC-IN  terminals.  Capacitor C1 is used for blocking the flow of DC. The second part of the circuit controls relay RL1, which is used to switch on/off the tape recorder.A  voltage  of  48  volts  appears across  the  telephone  lines  in on-hook  condition. This  voltage drops  to  about  9  volts  when  the handset  is  lifted.  Diodes  D1 through  D4  constitute  a  bridge rectifier/polarity  guard. 

Telephone Conversation recorder Circuit Diagram

This ensures that transistor T1 gets voltage of proper polarity, irrespective of the polarity of the telephone lines.During on-hook condition, the output from the bridge (48V DC) passes through 12V zener D5 and is applied to the base of transistor T1 via the voltage divider comprising resistors R3 and R4. This switches on transistor T1 and its collector is pulled low. This, in turn, causes transistor T2 to cut off and relay RL1 is not energised. When the telephone handset is lifted, the voltage across points X and Y falls below 12 volts and so zener diode D5 does not conduct.

As a result, base of transistor  T1  is  pulled  to  ground  potential  via resistor R4 and thus is cut off. Thus, base of  transistor  T2  gets  forward  biased  via resistor R5, which results in the energisation  of  relay  RL1. The  tape  recorder  is switched on and recording begins. The tape recorder should be kept loaded with a cassette and the record button of the tape recorder should remain pressed to enable it to record  the conversation as soon as the handset is lifted. Capacitor  C2  ensures  that  the  re-lay is not switched on-and-off repeatedly when a number is being dialled in pulse dialling mode

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Hydro Power Plan Principle

Principal equipments of Water power Alternator in making electric energy is existence of turbine and generator. But at reality many equipments assists applied to make the electric energy. The equipments to assists most important in making electric energy for example; electric governor, AVR, inlet valve, etc. Principal source of power in producing electricity is water staying in cistern. Production Process or work in making visible electricity at residing in diagram under this;

Drawing is upper depicting a production process beginning from current blocked accommodate and in cistern with number of a real big and supported by dam. Hereinafter the water is flown [by] through filter Tower Intake and trashrack steps into cast concrete pipe and pass gate chamber (door of in concrete) and steel iron pipe and hereinafter the pipe is ramified to become three divisions, namely two fast pipes (Penstock) to make a change from potential energy becomes kinetic dissociation energy of diatomic or kinetic and one pipes applied for irrigation passage. Tip of penstock or fast pipe there is Inlet valve which then is ramified to become two inlet valve commissioned to flow water towards turbine. Inlet applied as principal valve will be closed automatically or stopped if there is trouble or implementation of keeping at turbine. Following is one of drawing inlet valve applied in Water power Alternator

Water having high dividing valve and speed or equally kinetic energy already happened, soon is flown towards burrs sudu remain to which will push road(street blade or runner attached at both turbines, so that happened mechanical energy in the form of revolution. Revolution which is mandatory defended by turbine 500 rpm with engine energy power equal to 9MW with water debit entering variation. The direction of revolution of Turbine is concurrent with needle hour/clock. Following is drawing from a turbine;

Turbine consisted of some main component :

a. Runner.

The functions of this peripheral is to support revolution of turbine with energy that is enough when turbine shaft is not attributed to generator and made to assist from movement at axis.

b. Shaft or peduncle.

This peripheral made of the size wide to can give security and safety at operation in combination trap with generator peduncle at the time of its(the speed increases is finite at a speed of maximum revolution. this peduncle there is clutch that is unconnected with clutch at generator peduncle and that unconnected with runner.

c. Turbine guide bearing (retainer of turbine rudder).

Mode of action from this peripheral is lubricating oil is boosted up until making aperture so passing retainer surface ( 1) and ( 2) performance pumping because of speed difference between exteriors and inner of aperture ( 1)lubricant oil after successfully makes aperture ( 3), returns towards to place of lubricant until guide bearing ( 4). Lubricating oil will be made cool at place of its(the stock. From explanation to can be depicted with scheme following

d. Wicket gates (door of screen).

Each gates supported by two retainers of located viscid lubricant under washer and to canopy. Each upper peduncle also is completed with retainer of drive to arrest; detain weight from door and arrest; detains rising or lowering of from hydraulic drive. Each in gate will cover with itself his(its returns to position of closed if happened braking at the time of operation.

e. Wicket gate bearing (retainer of door of screen).

This peripheral consisted of wicket gate bearing, thrust bearing and bearing bush which is located under washer and to canopy. Compatible loading that can be applied within old is by preventing inlet water through in gate upper and lower canal water. Following be the surface.

f. Shaft as of baffle device (equipments of peduncle sealing).

Peduncle boom (shaft sleeve) protected quickly and cargo canopy (packing casing) attributed to principal canopy by retainer. Gland packing is placed between peduncles and cargo canopy. Water closed is functioning to arrange packing gland. Protective box completed with the long rings for lubricating oil. Accentual at as of baffle water must be ascertained in higher level condition from dividing valve at runner. Explanation is upper will seen at surface following.

Rotary dissociation energy of diatomic yielded by turbine then applied to move each generator. Generator applied has 15 tri phase pole tides. Besides, this generator also is synchronous generator with position of axis vertical. In synchronous generator there is anchor coil and field coil at rotor. Because generator applied there is two, hence its (the erection is done in parallel. This meant to enlarge energy power capacities awakened. With generator parallel also functioned to take care of service continuity if there is generator which must be stopped, for example to take a rest. Generator Alternating Current works as according to the induction theory of electromagnetic. Simply explainable that when peripatetic conductor in a magnetic field, hence induced voltage will be yielded. In general generator consisted of magnetic field, dynamo, slip ring, brush, and in the form of resistance type. Generator rotor turned around by prime mover to yield rotary magnetic field at engine. This rotary magnetic field induces tri phase strain at generator stator coil. Rotor at synchronous generator basically is an big electromagnet. Generator rotor applied in this evocation is shoe pole type or pole salient. This caused by polar amounts at generator more than four poles.

Besides also is caused by small revolution or less than 1500 rpm with capacities less than 10 MVA

Water which has been applied to turn around turbine will go out returns to pass Tail Race for towards to rivers. Electric power yielded by each generator still very small namely 6,3 kV. Therefore, needed to boosts to become 150kV channeling efficiency to of dissociation energy of diatomic from generator towards load centre. Hereinafter the high voltage is divided to applies Switch Yard 150 kV at main generator watchman station then strain is transmission [by] towards main station and continued for channeling or interconnection to electric power system through High voltage passage cord 150 kV. Electric power yielded by generator and has been transmission is not able yet to directly applied by consumer. At this side strain alighted from transmission 150 kV to become distribution strain 20 kV. This process done by transformer step down in main watchman station. And will be degraded returns to become strain 380/220 Volts or 220/127 Volts by transformer mast to applied by consumer. The visible explanation at diagram following.

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